Ten Bamboo Studio Manual

Ten Bamboo Studio Manual - Body

The Ten Bamboo Studio Manual includes 185 hand-printed, color, woodblock designs and 139 pages of poetry, all of which draw upon the natural world. Reading through this book creates a sense of walking through a late Ming-dynasty (17th century) Chinese garden. The book’s unique level of detail and beauty has drawn the attention and appreciation of viewers across the world for centuries.

ten bamboo

Introduction to the Manual

In this video, June Li, founding curator of The Huntington’s Chinese Garden, discusses the Ten Bamboo Studio Manual and explain its parallels with The Huntington’s own history. Important historical note: In this video, Li discusses Mr. Huntington’s wealth. Henry Huntington inherited a great deal of money from his uncle Collis Huntington’s work in the 19th century railroad industry, which relied on exploited Chinese immigrant labor.

The Douban Printing Technique for Artistic Expression

To create this work, Hu Zhengyan worked with hundreds of artists and artisans, including painters, calligraphers, woodblock carvers, and printers. They used a technique called douban. Douban is sometimes translated into English as “assembled block” printing and sometimes translated into English as “watercolor block” printing. Each of these translations speaks to an aspect of the printing process.

In douban printing, the woodblock carver carves several woodblocks, one block for each color. The printers imprint the blocks on the paper in layers. Overprinting (printing different hues of ink on top of one another) creates an array of colors like those found in paintings. The painting-like quality is further enhanced by the technique of wiping away some of the ink and printing the image several times. This creates a watercolor-like effect.

A Garden in the Pages

June Li describes the experience of reading this text as like walking through a garden. Garden creation in China in the late-Ming period was highly sophisticated and refined. The contents of the Ten Bamboo Studio Manual are organized in eight topics that would have been of interest to the book’s educated elite (or “literati”) audience. One topic is an introduction to calligraphy and painting, and the other seven topics are the features of a Chinese garden during this time: orchids, bamboo, plums, flowers, scholar’s rocks, birds, and fruit. Below, you can see an example of artwork from each of these topics.

Woodblock print featuring a grey bamboo stalk with black bamboo leaves.

Bamboo 怡老, 1633, ink on paper. From the Ten Bamboo Studio Manual of Calligraphy and Painting 竹齋書畫譜, compiled and edited by Hu Zhengyan 胡正言. The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.

Woodblock print featuring a black and white orchid with curved leaves.

In the manner of Zhao Zi-ang's orchids in wind 臨趙子昻風蘭, 1633, ink on paper. From the Ten Bamboo Studio Manual of Calligraphy and Painting 竹齋書畫譜, compiled and edited by Hu Zhengyan 胡正言. The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.

Woodblock print featuring a gnarled tree growing next to a rock on the side of a hill.

Flowering Plum over Water 冰妃寫照, 1633, ink on paper. From the Ten Bamboo Studio Manual of Calligraphy and Painting 竹齋書畫譜, compiled and edited by Hu Zhengyan 胡正言. The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.

Woodblock print featuring a large rock filled with holes.

Rocks, 1633, ink on paper. From the Ten Bamboo Studio Manual of Calligraphy and Painting 竹齋書畫譜, compiled and edited by Hu Zhengyan 胡正言. The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.

Woodblock print featuring a black and white bird sitting on a fruiting branch and eating a small orange fruit.

Bird Eating Fruit, 1633, ink on paper. From the Ten Bamboo Studio Manual of Calligraphy and Painting 竹齋書畫譜, compiled and edited by Hu Zhengyan 胡正言. The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.

Woodblock print featuring three citrons with leaves attached on an irregular wooden plate.

Three Citrons on a wooden platter (three oranges/citrus, xiangyuan),1633, ink on paper. From the Ten Bamboo Studio Manual of Calligraphy and Painting 竹齋書畫譜, compiled and edited by Hu Zhengyan 胡正言. The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.

Woodblock print featuring two big white lotus flowers and small green leaves growing from a greyish brown branch and two bunches of small red and white crabapple flowers and green leaves growing from a reddish brown branch.

Magnolia and Crabapple flowers in Round Design, 1633, ink on paper. From the Ten Bamboo Studio Manual of Calligraphy and Painting 竹齋書畫譜, compiled and edited by Hu Zhengyan 胡正言. The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.

Questions & Prompts

  • What is the first thing you notice when looking at these prints?

  • Some of these prints include multiple garden features. How do these garden features interact in the print?

  • Have you seen any of these features in a garden? Which?

  • Which is your favorite print? Why?

  • If you could ask Hu Zhengyan, the man who organized and printed this book, one question, what would you ask?

  • Artistic depictions highlight the role of food and the culinary arts in late-Ming literati (educated elite) culture. Do you recognize any of the foods? Which have you eaten and how were they prepared?

Text and Visual Art

The images in Ten Bamboo Studio Manual are paired with several types of text. Many of the texts in the book make literary and cultural references. The audience (people buying the book) would have understood or been interested in learning about the references included in the text. Here we can see a bamboo artwork by artist Gao Yang accompanied by a verse by writer Mo Jian.

Woodblock print featuring two bamboo stalks and five bunches of bamboo leaves.

Bamboo 飛白, 1633, ink on paper. From the Ten Bamboo Studio Manual of Calligraphy and Painting 竹齋書畫譜, compiled and edited by Hu Zhengyan 胡正言. The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.

Woodblock print featuring text in eight columns of Traditional Chinese characters.

Calligraphy 題飛白,1633, ink on paper. From the Ten Bamboo Studio Manual of Calligraphy and Painting 竹齋書畫譜, compiled and edited by Hu Zhengyan 胡正言. The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.

Verse translation for “Flying White,” by Mo Jian (Li and Wright 2016, 30)

Sloughing off both vibrant green and darker hue,

Its delicate leaves capture the reflections of the Xiang River.

Uneven in length and as if dusted with powder,

Dimly seen or in clear daylight, always as if sprinkled with frost.

Lent substance when accompanied by frosty blossoms,

Easily made into a remedy when mixed with snowy lotus roots.

About to write, I beg help for my poor handwriting,

In order that I may let out the White Phoenix in me.

Questions & Prompts

  • How do the artwork and the poem relate to each other? What do they have in common?

  • What do you think inspired Gao Yang, the artist?

  • What do you think inspired Mo Jian, the writer?

  • This text includes several literary and cultural references. One is a recipe for a remedy that includes white lotus root. This reference emphasizes the important role plants played in medical and culinary history. Another reference is to the “White Phoenix,” which refers to elegantly composed writing. Does understanding these references change how you read the text? If so, how?

  • Art can be visual (like the woodblock prints in this book) or text-based (like the poems in this book). Do you prefer creating visual art or text-based art? Why?

Collaborative Artistic Expression

Hundreds of artists and artisans collaborated on this work, including eight major artists. Collaboration can inspire artistic creativity. Try taking on a nature-inspired collaborative art project with a friend, classmate, or someone in your community. Here are a few ideas:

  • Create a mural in your school or community.

  • Create artworks and share them with each other. Write poems inspired by an artwork someone shared with you.

  • Write poems and share them with each other. Create a visual artwork inspired by a poem someone shared with you.

  • Start a zine. Ask people in your community to submit artworks and writings and then publish them in a booklet for others to read and enjoy.

  • Buy a notebook and take turns filling in pages with artworks, stories, poetry, quotes, and more! You can build on each other’s ideas.

Continue Exploring This Object

References and Resources

Li, June. 2016. “Is a Picture Worth a Thousand Words? Chinese Woodblock Prints of the Late Ming and Qing Periods.” The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens. Audio. https://www.huntington.org/videos-recorded-programs/picture-worth-thousand-words-chinese-woodblock-prints-late-ming-and-qing.

———. 2016.“Ten Bamboo Studio Manual of Calligraphy and Painting.” Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens. YouTube video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nryn5TsLYU&ab_channel=TheHuntington.

Li, T. June, and Suzanne E. Wright. 2016. Gardens, Art and Commerce in Chinese Woodblock Prints. San Marino, CA: The Huntington Library, Art Museum, and Botanical Gardens.

Portland Art Museum. 2016. “Splashes of Color: Chinese Woodblock Prints from the You Wei Du Zhai Collection.” https://portlandartmuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/2016_SplashesofColor_Brochure.pdf

“See an Exhibition at The Huntington Library, California for Chinese Woodblock Prints Made during the Golden Age (from 16th to 19th Century).” n.d. Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed August 13, 2021. https://www.britannica.com/video/193355/woodblock-prints-golden-age-printmaking-Chinese.

UNESCO. 2008. “China Engraved Block Printing Technique.” YouTube video. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y57rUeCHoXg&ab_channel=UNESCO.